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Air pollution and migration: exploiting a natural experiment from the Czech Republic
Mikula, Š. ; Pytliková, Mariola
This paper examines the causal effects of air pollution on migration by exploiting a natural experiment in which desulfurization technologies were rapidly implemented in coal-burning power plants in the Czech Republic in the 1990s. These technologies substantially decreased air pollution levels without per se affecting economic activity. The results based on a difference-in-differences estimator imply that improvements in air quality reduced emigration from previously heavily polluted municipalities by 24%. We find that the effect of air pollution on emigration tended to be larger in municipalities with weaker social capital and fewer man-made amenities. Thus, our results imply that strengthening social capital and investing in better facilities and public services could partially mitigate depopulation responses to air pollution. Finally, we look at heterogeneous migratory responses to air pollution by education and age and find some evidence that the more educated tend to be more sensitive to air pollution in their settlement behavior.
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Effect of the Flat Tax Reform on Labour Supply Elasticity at the Intensive and Extensive Margins: Evidence from the Czech Republic
Tomo, Ján ; Pertold-Gebicka, Barbara (advisor) ; Šťastná, Lenka (referee)
The thesis deals with the estimation of labour supply responses to the personal income tax reform in the Czech Republic adopted in 2008 by applying quasi experimental design known as "difference-in-differences". By exploiting the different change in the effective tax rates for various population subgroups as a natural experiment and using microdata from European Labour Force Sur- vey we constructed the treatment and control groups according to the highest attained level of education serving as a proxy for an income range that assigns an individual to the particular tax bracket before and after policy change. Analysing one-person households we found significant negative effect on the labour force participation and significant positive effect on the hours work of the treated by comparing these outcomes for the treatment and control groups in the baseline and follow up periods before and after the reform. JEL Classification C21, D04, H24, H31, I38, J22 Keywords tax reform, labour supply, natural experiment, difference-in-differences Author's e-mail janxtomo@gmail.com Supervisor's e-mail gebicka@fsv.cuni.cz
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The Effect of the Introduction of Fee-For-Service on the Demand for Outpatient Care
Žílová, Pavlína ; Votápková, Jana (advisor) ; Pavloková, Kateřina (referee)
The thesis estimates the effect of the 2008 introduction of regulatory fees for outpatient visits by using 2009 health reform, abolition of co-payments for children, as a natural experiment. To estimate this effect we use micro-level data from EU-SILC survey and two different econometric models - Multinomial logit (MNL) and Zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB). As co-payments for examination were abolished only for children, we use children as a treatment group and adult part of the population as a control group in difference-in-differences approach. We found an insignificant effect, i.e. introduction of user charges was ineffective in reducing number of doctor visits in Czech Republic. Another important result from this analysis is the significant role of the socio-economic characteristics, associated with the tendency of health-care utilization.
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Effect of the Flat Tax Reform on Labour Supply Elasticity at the Intensive and Extensive Margins: Evidence from the Czech Republic
Tomo, Ján ; Pertold-Gebicka, Barbara (advisor) ; Šťastná, Lenka (referee)
The thesis deals with the estimation of labour supply responses to the personal income tax reform in the Czech Republic adopted in 2008 by applying quasi experimental design known as "difference-in-differences". By exploiting the different change in the effective tax rates for various population subgroups as a natural experiment and using microdata from European Labour Force Sur- vey we constructed the treatment and control groups according to the highest attained level of education serving as a proxy for an income range that assigns an individual to the particular tax bracket before and after policy change. Analysing one-person households we found significant negative effect on the labour force participation and significant positive effect on the hours work of the treated by comparing these outcomes for the treatment and control groups in the baseline and follow up periods before and after the reform. JEL Classification C21, D04, H24, H31, I38, J22 Keywords tax reform, labour supply, natural experiment, difference-in-differences Author's e-mail janxtomo@gmail.com Supervisor's e-mail gebicka@fsv.cuni.cz
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The Effect of the Introduction of Fee-For-Service on the Demand for Outpatient Care
Žílová, Pavlína ; Votápková, Jana (advisor) ; Pavloková, Kateřina (referee)
The thesis estimates the effect of the 2008 introduction of regulatory fees for outpatient visits by using 2009 health reform, abolition of co-payments for children, as a natural experiment. To estimate this effect we use micro-level data from EU-SILC survey and two different econometric models - Multinomial logit (MNL) and Zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB). As co-payments for examination were abolished only for children, we use children as a treatment group and adult part of the population as a control group in difference-in-differences approach. We found an insignificant effect, i.e. introduction of user charges was ineffective in reducing number of doctor visits in Czech Republic. Another important result from this analysis is the significant role of the socio-economic characteristics, associated with the tendency of health-care utilization.
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Estimating the impact of the 2012 liquor prohibition on crime
Krejsa, Jiří ; Dušek, Libor (advisor) ; van Koten, Silvester (referee)
This thesis focuses on capturing causal link between alcohol consumption and one of its externalities, crime. The quasi-natural experiment of the Czech temporary ban on hard liquor following an outbreak of methanol poisonings in September 2012 provides a valuable setting for evaluation of the alcohol-crime relationship. Over the course of the prohibition, violent crime rates fell by approximately 10 %, just like the aggregate of aggravated assault, criminal threatening, vandalism and property damage. In addition, the biggest share of reduction in crime falls on weekend criminality. The number of offenders under the influence of alcohol dropped by approximately 18 % for traffic-related offences and by 28 % in non-traffic offenses. The possibility of the reduction in crime being caused by lower detection capabilities of the law enforcement was examined. The reduction in reported cases of e.g. driving under the influence might be to a large extend explained by lower detection, but it could have reduced only rates of victimless crimes. Finally, the property crime rate was not significantly affected by the intervention, except for burglaries into bars and restaurants.
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The comparison of productivity of employees in case of using of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
Pecinová, Kateřina ; Houdek, Petr (advisor) ; Chytilová, Helena (referee)
The thesis is an empirical analysis of the effects of intrinsic, extrinsic and negative motivation on the productivity of operators of erotic lines. In a natural experiment, I influenced the structure and size of incentives of 16 employees, in order to determine the optimal management of human resources in the company TOPIC PRESS. The data were evaluated using a regression model with inclusion of identification strategy diff'in'diff. The results show that the performance of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation significantly reduced the number of SMS messages that operators take per hour of 16.6 % and 16.3 % respectively. On the contrary, negative motivation significantly increased the number of SMS/hour by 18 %, but I suppose only a short-term effectiveness. Influence of motivation on the average number of minutes per hour was not confirmed.
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